Mary Shelley s Novel And Exotic Beautiful Places Essay

Frankenstein was a novel written by author Mary Shelley in 1818. The novel tells the story of a scientist named Victor Frankenstein who creates a grotesque creature. The novel is a mix of Gothic and romantic literature. Shelley sets her novel and exotic beautiful places, which is an example of romanticism. She also uses gothicism by focusing on the death and gruesome macabre. Throughout the novel Shelley uses both romantic and Gothic elements in the setting ,characterization ,subject matter ,and plot . Mary Shelley the author of Frankenstein was born August 30th, 1797, in London England. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley s husband was a romantic poet. When Shelley first published Frankenstein she published it anonymously. Many people believe her husband wrote the novel. Mary Shelley I have been friends with many Romantic Poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge. Even though her writing was not Britney in the same but tons of her colleagues Mary Shelley was a contemporar y of the Romantic Poets. Mary Shelley s novel was heavily influenced by The Romantics. â€Å"Romanticism was an attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general andShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Romanticism Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism began to make a great influence on art and literature during the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. Frankenstein was first published in 1818 during that period and the novel is flooded with Mary Shelley’s feelings of extreme good and bad emotions. English literature during the romanticism period is believed to be the most expressive in style, subject, and content. The discrepancy and chaos concerning th e essential principles and competing philosophies were believed to be fascinatingRead MoreOrientalism : The Romantic Era Of British Literature And Meshes Essay2475 Words   |  10 Pagesera of British literature and meshes it with the exotic nature or the oriental fantasy of the east. The romantic period in Britain was recognized as a time of global travel and exploration, accession of colonies all over the world, and development of imperialist ideologies that rationalized the British takeover of distant territories. Many of the poets of the nineteenth century looked to orientalism for inspiration. Oriental tales featured exotic settings, supernatural happenings, extravagant eventsRead MoreThe Genre of Stokers Dracula Essay6296 Words   |  26 Pageswill examine Stokerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s novel Dracula in order to determine whether it belongs to the Gothic genre or not. Firstly, a short history of the Gothic novel will be presented and the most important authors and works of the era will be mentioned. Furthermore, the different characteristics of the Gothic genre will be examined in order to compare them with Stokerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s work. Aspects like nature, surroundings, atmosphere, the role of the women in the Gothic novel, the Gothic villain

Introduction to Taxation - 1687 Words

INTRODUCTION TO TAXATION Unlike most transfers, which are voluntary, taxation is compulsory. That’s needed because of free-rider problem (no one will have injective to contribute) Modern taxes are monetized (individuals provide just money) Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods. Tariffs protect domestic producers. Taxes can be divided to: †¢ direct †¢ indirect Direct taxes are individual income tax, payroll tax (used to finance social) security, corporation income tax (tax on net profit of corporations), tax on property. Indirect taxes are custom duties on imported goods from abroad, exice taxes (telephone services, air travel, luxury commodities). VAT (Value-added tax) are taxes on the difference of†¦show more content†¦With a perfectly elastical supply curve, the prices rises by the full amount of tax, entire tax burden is on a consumer. With perfeclty inelastic demand price rises by full amount of the tax and the entire burden is on consumers. OPTIMAL TAXATION Fallacies of optimal taxation : 1. We should have a tax on wage income. Additional taxes just increase distortions and economic inneficiency. 2. Theory of the second best is the design of government policy in situations where the economy is characterized by some important distortion that can’t be removed. Optimal tax structure is a set of taxes which maximizes social welfare. If all individuals were identical and were treated for tax purposes identicly, a lump-sum tax would be the only efficent tax. The choice facing the government is to either have a uniform lump-sum tax (individual pays tax regardless of what they do or what abilites they have) or tax that depends on easily measured variables (expenditure or income) Progressive taxes are reducing deadweight loss. Elasticily optimits – distortions are low. Elasticly pessimists – Distortions are large. Flat rate taxes are taxes where the marginal tax rate (the extra tax individual pays for an extra dollar of income) is constant for both tax systems. Progressive tax – the ratio of the total tax payments to the individuals income, increases with income. MoreShow MoreRelatedChapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law1861 Words   |  8 Pages543 Chapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS—CHAPTER 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. The majority of dollars collected by the U.S. government come by way of corporate taxation. Prior to the Sixteenth Amendment direct taxes were illegal. All U.S. taxes are based on an individual’s income. 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Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China Free Essays

ABSTRACT This study aim to demonstrate Chinese students’ attitude towards software copyright and piracy in China. This paper has selected a small group of Chinese student to evaluate their presumption and data were collected by using interview among this group. There are some factors which has a significant impact on piracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, for finding out the validity and add extra elements in finding and discussion chapter will present new items which has a role in software piracy. Thus, this research has some limitation such as the number of sample and the matter of time. Hence, the result of this research cannot be valid. Chapter I Introduction In the past few years, there has been a doubt among the Chinese software users regarding the use of pirated software from the legal point of view. In addition to software users, anyone who is involved in the software copyright and piracy issues, is confronted with this question that if the pirate act is illegal or not (Croix Konan, 2002). Answering this question requires to consider the perception of each individual Chinese software users regarding the software copyright and piracy. Whereby, awareness of Chinese users in decision-making has a direct impact on their piracy behaviour in terms of using pirated software (Liang Yan, 2005). To explore how Chinese software users recognize the matter of software copyright and piracy it is crucial to understand the function of copyright and piracy protection law, In fact, copyright and piracy protection law are the subset of the intellectual property law (IP) which has been considerably enhanced in the recent years. According to a definition provided by World Intellectual Property (WIPO, 2006) â€Å"intellectual property can be anything which creates by human mind such as, inventions, literary and artistic works†. On the other side, software piracy is opposite of the copyright law in which has increased along with the extension in popularity of internet in 1999 (Katz, 2005). Currently, China is under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement, which compels China to have transparency on intellectual property protection in terms of laws, regulations, administrative rules and judicial decisions (Panitchpakdi Clifford, 2002). Hence, this study places emphasis on Chinese student various perceptions regarding the software copyright and piracy. The next chapter will review the existing literature review and evaluate different point of views. Furthermore, it will emphasize on methodology chapter to illustrate the method of collecting data. Moreover, in finding and discussion chapter will demonstrate and analyse the information towards answering research question and finally will present conclusion. CHAPTER II Literature review 2.1 China`s background in copyright law From the historical point of view, for the first time, copy right law came into existence in ancient China and the creation of copyright in China was initiated by the innovation of printing by Bi Sheng in AD 1042. Moreover, compared to European countries the technique of printing had developed centuries earlier in China (Mertha, 2005). According to Martha (2005), in 1910, the first draft of author`s right was published and a number of punishments for unapproved use were established. WIPO (2006) state thatAfter the Cultural Revolution,in 1979 China entered into a new stage of modern legal system which contained the copyright structure and was an important step to connect to the outside world. Subsequently, as WIPO (2006) assert that â€Å"China has joined the world intellectual property organization in 1980†. Bently Sherman (2001) explained that copyright was originally intended primarily for the protection of authors, artists and composers to provide a legal foundation for the innumerable transactions by which they are paid for their work. Croix Konan (2002) explained that the first aim of copyright law is to provide the security for author`s right from abusing in illegal way. World intellectual property organization (WIPO, 2006) defines â€Å"copyright† as legal point of view in order to maintaining creator’s right and securing his/her â€Å"work†. In addition, the term â€Å"work† is used by intellectual property law in various aspects such as; novels, poems, plays, databases and computer programs. Generally, copyright laws are executed diversely in different countries around the world (Marron Steel, 2000). For instance, The European Countries and North America have tough copyright laws and enforce them determinedly. Meanwhile, there are some countries which have determined copyright laws but their courts are unwilling to enforce them. Furthermore, there are developing countries in which their principles are based on Islamic patterns and do not have adequate laws in terms of copy right ( Marron Steel, 2000). From worldwide viewpoint, entering China to the global network has generated a massive capability in order to share and observe information through new approaches, especially byInternet (Croix Konan, 2002). However, in recent years, the international business society has mentioned that there has been a doubt regarding China`s malfunction towards limiting international property infringement (Mertha, 2005). 2.2 Globalization and software piracy Bently and Sherman (2001) assert that, the original concept of copyright is surrounded by boundaries’ inside of the state, Thus, the security of copyright protection will be in danger if it operates beyond the country and goes through the national world. Therefore, the fence would be break down by the development of globalization and establish copyright as boundless subject in international trade. Consequently, developed countries realize that it is crucial to make some alteration in enforcement of copyright protection across the national borders. Therefore, due to unexpected economic growth in China, it has become the main target of whole global copyright enforcement, such as US and the European Union (Halbert, 1997). IIPA (2006) declared that the progression of globalization transforms software copyright and piracy from internal issue to universal matter among countries. Furthermore, due to the fact that China has been faced with a huge amount of piracy, it has been constantly criticized by other countries regarding the lack of enforcement and ability to protect software copyright. 2.3 Culture and software piracy Mum (2003) argued that cultural differences is one of the most significant aspects that should be considered in China`s software copyright and piracy and has a main role on development copyright in China. From western perspective, individual’s freedom and benefits often put emphasis on public shared benefits. In contrast, as a traditional Chinese point of view, individuals are part of society and are obliged to present their creation and innovation to the community (Mum, 2003). Considering the two mentioned viewpoints, it can state that the eastern minds are totally different from western minds, regarding that in western society intellectual theft is not appreciated, meanwhile, it is a new concept to many Chinese. In addition, Yu (2001) pointed out that in traditional Chinese culture copying regarded as honourable and necessary fact. Husted (2000) stated that the rate of piracy in China has a great connection with cultural dichotomy of individualism and collectivism. In addition, Marron and Steel`s (2000) found out that countries in which their principles is based on individualistic culture have a lower piracy rates comparing to the countries which have collectivistic culture. According to Wang, Zhang, and Ouyang (2005a) the correlation between pirated software purchasing and cultural subject in China is more expected to be engaged in the theft of software programs or sharing intellectual property. In fact, collectivist culture can be one of the great factors that might be the cause of the prevalence of software piracy in China. 2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracy Croix Konan (2002) argued that China`s government has been considerably attempting to change the legislation and policy making process in terms of prevent pirating. For instance, China government closed 9 factories from 18 which were producing pirated software’s and presenting illegal Cd`s in domestic market. However, despite the considerable reforms by China government regarding the implement of copyright enforcement, there are some domestic factors which make the matter worse (Mertha, 2005). Lu and Weber (2008) explored that China government should consider about the economical and political environments of public and private dimensions of software copyright to cover external and internal challenges. In addition, Communism philosophy in which its main principal is based on everything belongs to society and people, rather than private owners has been existed in China since 1949. Consequently, Communist thought of copyright are fundamentally well-matched with traditional Chinese culture, because they support each other to shape Chinese people`s attitude in the direction of decreasing copyright protection. Overall, the literature review includes variety of research areas and identifies a group of structural factors relating to software copyright and piracy in China. Meanwhile, the literature review has some limitation, for example, it uncovers the behaviour element which is crucial in act of piracy, but it will be covered in finding and discussion chapter by interviewing from Chinese student. CHAPTER III Methodology Generally speaking, the nature of human beings has been always concerned about what is happening surround them. In order to understand their surroundings they began to search regarding their requirements which at least named research. According to Cohen et al (2007) research is a process of planning, executing and investing in terms to find answer to our specific questions. In addition, getting reliable answers needs an investigation in a systematic manner and will be easier for reader to understand. Achieving these ends requires research methods. In this study, the research philosophy is examined by interpretivism. Bryman Bell (2003) defined it as an epistemological position that enquires the social scientist to grasp the subjective meaning of social action. Furthermore, the inductive approach has undertaken to this study in terms of understand the nature of problem, by which, it enables researcher to take more information about the research. (Bryman Bell, 2003). Evaluating about philosophy and approach, now it should consider that the research method is done by mono method meaning that is qualitative and by the nature of it, has a great advantages for this research. It was chosen because the research approach was based on inductive methods and it requires an exploration of detailed in depth about data. Denzin Lincoln (2000) believed that using this method able researcher to explain, translate and otherwise come to the terms with the meaning. This study will carry out both primary and secondary research. The primary research will be examined by doing an interview based on semi-structured type from a group of Chinese student which will be within an age group of 22-28. The semi-structured interview was designed by some relevant questions in order to answer the research question, further information will be on (appendix 1). An interview has chosen as a method for primary research for the reason that it is one of the methods by which the human world may be explored, although it is the world of beliefs and meanings, not of actions that is clarified by interview research. Bryman Bell (2003) pointed out that interviewing provide a wide range of data collection. Thus, it helps researcher to find out how people regard situations from their point of view. In this research, because the emphasize is basically based on the area of intellectual property law and as far as everyone are concerned, this field is extremely complicated and cannot be expressed in closed questions. Hence, semi-structured interviews have chosen because it has a great benefit for conducting this research. Moreover, it is based on an open-ended question. In addition, Bryman Bell (2003) argued that this approach can be used to gain different comments and offers the interviewer the chance to investigate an issue or service. In addition, it gives the interviewee an opportunity to share general views or their opinions in details. Apart from the benefits of this method, it has some disadvantages such as: it requires interviewing skill and need to have the skill to analyse the data. Furthermore, it should be done on sufficient group of people in order to make general comparison. Moreover, it is really time consuming and researcher should be able to ensure confidentially ( Saunders et al, 2003). It is crucial to mentioned that ethical concerns will emerge as the research planning starts. As Blumberg et al cited in Saunders et al (2007) argued that â€Å"ethics refers to the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our relationship with other†. Furthermore, in order to ensure confidentiality, this research will only consider about the age of the Chinese students and will not emphasise on their name or their institute (see appendix 2). To answer the research question, Chinese student attitude is examined in order to explore how they perceive the issue of software copyright and piracy and with the aim of give the sense of security to interviewee at the first of interview it will mention that the process will be recorded to ensure the crucial information is not omitted from the note taking. Overall, in this study by using qualitative approach with semi-structured interview will prepare a suitable occasion in terms of collecting a great deal of information from Chinese student regarding their point of view about software copyright and piracy in their country. Furthermore, it is expected that 10 interviews will be conducted and the sample will just measured by their age and the interview will be carried out in person by the researcher on site at the University Of Sheffield. Moreover, information from interviews will be classified into coding and categories, which can be derived from research question and the literature. CHAPTER IV Finding and Discussion 4.1 Finding This chapter aims to answer the research question which was about Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy. To answer this question, this research is carried out by choosing a smaller society of Chinese users, namely Chinese students, in which their perception in terms of software copyrights and piracy in China will be examined. As it mentioned in methodology, in order to analyze the data, this research will categorize and coding the data which has conducted from Chinese student attitude, then it will examine the findings and discussion and finally will demonstrate the conclusion. The findings will categorized and coded by what interviewees mentioned regarding software copyright and piracy, for example, some of people express that the price of the copyright software`s are too expensive. Meanwhile, others pointed out that the general income of people in China cannot afford copyright products and on quarter of participants said that copyright products actual value does not deserve that high price. Therefore, this category named as cost with three subcategorized; price, income, value and coded as a software products. Secondly, half of the interviewee mentioned that pirated software`s are accessible and it can used them without any limitation, whereby, original software`s has the restriction of usage. Moreover, this opinion categorized by usability and accessibility of software products. Thirdly, from findings it can find out 9 of 10 participants disagreed with the culture as an element which has an impact on a software copyright and piracy. By contrast, in literature review in culture and software piracy some author`s were explained that culture has a considerable relation with software copyright and piracy. Furthermore, some interviewees expressed that some issues, for example, education or gaining knowledge should not consider as piracy, additionally, using software`s for a personal need without any intention of using in illegal way is not piracy. Finally, the item that generally accepted by applicant was China`s government, which they state that the main power who can enforce the copyright law and prevent piracy is government. Thus the first section was categorized by social development and cultural affect and the later section was grouped as Chinese government, which these two parts coded as a china development. To clarify the structure the complete coding fra me is established in (Appendix 3). 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Cost, usability and accessibility play critical roles in decision-making whether to use pirated software or not among Chinese student attitudes. Among all of discussions cost is consistently mentioned as a reason to choose pirated software. Therefore, three subject matter illustrates from which will evaluate by participants viewpoints. Generally speaking, first of all, was the cost to buy copyright software. As they state that buying original WINDOWS XP in China is really expensive. Secondly, because of high prices for software products most of the people especially students and low-income earners are not able to afford the price. Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices. 4.1.2 China development: Social development and Chinese government As it mentioned in literature review chapter there were two factors which also found by evaluatingChinese student presumption toward software copyright and piracy which is constantly, government policy and culture. Furthermore, participant conflicting views about those items and stating short words or sentences; it cannot provide valuable information about significant issues such as government policy and cultural affect. Therefore, in order to generalize their viewpoint it can state that, after Cultural Revolution in China and joining to the World intellectual property organization there has been a significant changes in terms of education, technology and the level of science through out of China (WIPO, 2006). Generally speaking, interviewees pointed out that the China government has the main power in order to prevent software piracy and change the policy towards enforcement of copyright law. Moreover, it can maintain that in spite of the power to enforce, why Chinese government does not really want to stop piracy. Furthermore, participants discussed that because of the matter of population and as China is among developing countries, government and authorities really feels the lack of knowledge and because they want to increase their literacy and awareness, they are not as strict as developed countries. 4.2 Discussion With the establishment of coding frame, this study will applies axial coding to make a connection between categories and sub categories. First, the participant’s perception develops from the issue which coded as software products with three subcategories. In the category of software product user`s resistance focused on copyright software`s high cost and poor usability and accessibility. In contrast, user`s are likely to use pirated software which low cost and good usability and accessibility. On the other hand, the interviewee which protects software copyright law, refuse to accept cost and excuses for piracy use. Second, in the category of China development which was generally analysed, it can mention that government policy in China is trying to educated and boosts the knowledge within the people, but this cannot be the reason to use piracy software’s or make author`s work invaluable. In other world, participants believe that Chinese government does not really want to limit piracy. Form their discussion it can find out government has a great interest in piracy regarding market economy. This study has found that in general Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy mainly suffers from the phenomena which so-called Cost and the accessibility of pirated software’s. Furthermore, this paper has some limitation which will decrease the validity of this research, such as; the number of sample was not that much great to evaluate and examine the other perceptions, another item was the limitation of time, which was considerable for this research. Furthermore, it is suggested that copyright owners should lower down their retail prices of their products to the lower degree, by which, Chinese user`s be able to afford it. CHAPTER VI 5 CONCLUSION This study set out to examine how Chinese student are aware of software copyright and piracy in China. A small sample of Chinese student was selected to illustrate extra elements a part form literature review, which has significant role on using pirated software’s. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Bryman Bell (2003). Overall in can conclude that, the fact that China started to play a more and more important role in today’s world and its development cannot be easily stopped or reversed. Therefore, like developed countries, China should redesign and change the software copyright law in order to minimize the amount of piracy in world. References: Bently, L, Sherman, B. (2001). Intellectual property law. New York: Oxford University Press. Blaxter,L, Hughes, C, Tight, M. (2001). How to research. (2 edn). Buckingham: Open University Press. Bryman,A, Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. Business Software Alliance. (2004). BSA and IDC global software piracy study. Retrieved January 28, 2005, from http://www.bsa.org/China/globalstudy Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methodes In Education. ( 6 edn). London: Routledge. Croix, S. J., Konan, D. E. (2002). Intellectual property rights in China: The changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy, 25, 759-788. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press. Halbert, D. (1997). Intellectual property piracy: The narrative construction of deviance. International Journal for Semiotics of Law, X (28), 55-78. International Intellectual Property Alliance. (2006). The 2006 special 301 report: People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from IIPA Web site: http://www.iipa.com/rbc/2006/2006SPEC301PRC.pdf Katz, A. (2005). A network effects perspective: On software piracy. University of Toronto Law Journal, 55, 155-160. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Lu, J., Weber, I. (2008). Chinese government and software copyright: Manipulating the boundaries between public and private. International Journal of Communication, 1, 81-99. Marron, D. B., Steel, D. G. (2000). Which countries protect intellectual propertyThe case of software piracy. Economic Inquiry, 38 (2), 159-74. Mertha, A. (2005). The politics of piracy: Intellectual property in contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Mum, S. H. (2003). A new approach to U. S. copyright policy against piracy in China. Symposium conducted at the 53rd Annual Convention of the International Communication Association, San Diego, California, United States. Nicol, C. (Ed.). (2003). ICT policy: A beginner’s handbook. Johannesburg, South Africa: Association for Progressive Communication. Panitchpakdi, S., Clifford, M. L. (2002). China and the WTO: Changing China, changing world trade. Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia). Saunders, s. Lewis, P. And Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Third edition. Pearson education limited. Wang, F., Zhang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005a). Software piracy and ethical decision making behaviour of Chinese consumers. Journal of Comparative International Management, 8(2), 43-56. Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005b). Purchasing pirated software: An initial examination of Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6),340-51 World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Copyright and related rights. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from World Intellectual Property Organization Web site: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/copyright.html Yu, P.K. (2001). Piracy, prejudice, and perspectives: An attempt to use Shakespeare to reconfigure the U. S.-China intellectual property debate. Working Paper Series, 38, Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. Retrieved,October13,2006fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=262530 How to cite Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China, Essay examples

Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Production †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Production. Answer: Introduction The gas and oil companies use various activities and processes that are integrated to change the petroleum resources into usable products for customers. These activities are linked to each other within individual and across the regions. Value creation is an important tool to the organization as well as the country. According to (Adelman, 2004, p. 345) VCA examines the sequence of activities that are employed to get a product and service from production to procurement via various stages of production, distribution and the final consumer. This analysis usually involves distributors, buyers and suppliers referred to as value systems. Woodside petroleum limited (WPL) is a gas and oil company in Australia. It began the year 1954 and currently it has over 3511 staffs among them are five directors. It involves a number of processes including production, development, evaluation, exploration, sale, and marketing of hydrocarbons. In this report by (BP, 2008, p. 234) it discusses the social value. The main products are natural liquefied gas, condensate, crude oil, pipeline gas, and liquefied petroleum gas. It operates involves operation of oil production, offloading and storage facilities based in Australia. The company is interested in frontier and emerging provinces in Asia, Sub Saharan Africa, Australia, Atlantic margins and Pacific region. The company operates in US, Canada, Asia and Australia. Porters model is used to distinguish various stages of supply, physical changes in the inputs and outputs and supply services e.g. technological development and strategic planning. The greatest benefit is added to these services or a combination of individual strategies. Activities relate and should be integrated within the value chain. These activities involve resource exploration, petroleum production, storage, marketing, distribution, and transport WPL value chain analysis begins with identifying areas to do an exploration for gas or oil. The next step is appraising, developing and producing of petroleum fields. This stage in the value chain is known as upstream. These oilfield services involve other auxiliary services in the process of EP e.g. seismic surveys, equipment supply, well drilling and engineering projects. They form a crucial part of gas and oil industry. To illustrate exploration and production WPL should consider the breakdown of profit for large petroleum companies. This is due to the fact that private companys value and taxation represent their social value. The annual report on WPL according to (CSFB, 2002, p. 23) announced its production and consolidated results for the 1st half year ended on 30/June/2017. Its NPAT is $ 507M which is 49%more than the 1st half year of 2016. Operation cost was $1,869M for 2017 against $1,938M in 2016. Cash flow statements rose up by 170% to $445M. PBT was $763M against $508M in 2016. Profit for equity shareholders of the company was $507M equivalent to 60.3%per diluted and basic share against $340M (41%) of diluted and basic share in 2016. Cash from operation was $1235M against $1201M in 2016. Exploration expenditure and capital were $689M against $948M in 2016. Production cost is $42.2M. This was because of the high prices of oils. Ordinary distribution cost was $0.49m payable in September 2017. Profits may not necessarily mean a positive value. The company appointed James Richard as the director From (Boardman, Greenberg, Vining, 2006, p. 45)Gas processing and oil refining are used to change hydrocarbons extracted into usable products. Processed products are distributed to the market either through retailer, wholesaler or directly to the consumer. This stage of the value chain is known as downstream. WPL represent feedstock for other petrochemical industry that shows a geographic and historic relationship between the two.WPL can integrate more than one activity using value chain using vertical integration. Mostly, integration involves EP and RM and can expand within a given task thus horizontal consolidation. In Australia, the horizontal consolidation in the upstream is affected by natural gas and downstream by the size of the local market and ability manages exports of products and services. Vertical integration in the country is made using licensing tools and regulatory tools e.g. seeking approval to build or not build a processing facility. The description of WPL is based on alternative sources to determine different extraction processes. Aggregate inputs involve all cost of funding, cost of depletion, opportunity cost and production cost. Transportation and storage From production place, crude gas and oil are transported to the relevant processing areas and thereafter distributed to the market. According to (Johnston, 1994, p. 56)Infrastructure used involve transport e.g. pipelines, railways, roads and ports and storage facilities are key issues in different stages of the value chain that links between processing and production facilities and between final consumer and processing. These stages of the value chain are known as midstream. WPL can store the gas and oil in different locations along the chains chain for various reasons e.g. price speculation or hedging and security during supply. Crude oil is normally stored in large holding tanks and transported by truck, pipeline, tankers, and roads to the refineries company for processing. An example of a pipeline that reaches out to other countries is Druzhba pipeline that connects Europe and Russia, Trans-Alaskan pipeline and Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline that links Caspian and the Mediterranean Sea. WPL uses ocean tankers to connect international services. Exports ports are located near the company or production place for easy access and distribution. The company is interested in frontier and emerging provinces in Asia, Sub Saharan Africa, Australia, Atlantic margins and Pacific region. The company operates in US, Canada, Asia and Australia. Major import facilities have huge loading and storage facilities e.g. Singapore and Rotterdam refineries to reduce transport charges and be near product demand regions. It also allows the purchase of oil in an open market or buys from producers directly. When they are done with refining the product is distributed by similar modes of transport for marketing. Road transport is the most common means of transport but uses the pipeline to reach out to other countries. Natural gas is usually stored in underground facilities using various methods including; aquifers, salt caverns, and reservoirs. Transportation of gas depends on the physical state of the gas. The natural gas liquid can be distributed using tanker trucks and pipeline while a dry gas is distributed by pipeline and not in deep seas and ocean. This reduces the chances of trading natural gas between various regions since pipeline transport is expensive and may not be allowed in other regions. An alternative for LDG is LNG. Piped gas must be distributed from the production site to the final consumer for industries, individual use and power stations using different types of pipeline networks. Adding compression in pipelines can serve the purpose of the storage facility. Therefore it would be a challenge for WPL to integrate gas networks for scheduling within a short period and trading. In Australia gas producers dont own a majority share in pipeline infrastructure, as a result, they sell their gas to the gas grid. Major projects of pipeline need upfront investment therefore not viable for the business without proper identification of users, revenue or tariff, and financing facilities.WPL involves many countries and is likely to suffer geopolitical challenges. For any evacuation infrastructure and supply, sunk costa became expensive, but once installed they may improve the viability of the project and economy of the country. Refining and marketing WPL refines crude oil is usually to get oil products suitable for consumption. The main products are gas oil, fuel oil gasoline, kerosene, and LPG. Middle distillates involve gas, oil, and kerosene; light distillates involve naphtha and gasoline. The main consumers of energy are power generation stations, transportation, and heating while consumers of non- energy include e.g. feedstock for petrochemical companies. The uses differ in the market depending on the purpose for use. Non- energy users and transportation are vulnerable making them captives in the market for oil. For power stations and heating, markets can be switched easily between fuels i.e. between coal, gas, and oil making their price elasticity high. From the study by (Westwood, 2008, p. 126)oil refining involves separating hydrocarbons from crude oil by converting it into important petroleum products. Refineries consist of the process of separation followed by conversion then treatment. The first process involves heatin g, separation of crude oil to required products using distillation. They are then directed for conversion parts to be altered using heat, catalyst, hydrogen, and pressure. The output is then heated. Refineries involve categories of configuration and size i.e. technical flexibility and capability to process different types of feedstock and other products. Due to their chemical nature, crude oil can produce different products when refined. Lighter and sweeter crudes produce high yields, valuable products, and trade in premium markets. Refineries struggle to optimize crude oil depending on the companys configuration processes, anticipated product price and desired product mix. The demands of Oil products are usually seasonal. Refining is cyclical and profitability is sensitive depending on marginal changes in demand and supply. Profitability is measured using gross refining margin calculated as revenues received minus cost of feedstock and another cost e.g. maintenance, labor and worki ng capital. GRM does not include non-cash costs and may translate to losses. Marketing involves distribution and selling of refined products through retail, wholesale or direct to the consumer. Transportation is distributed to retail stations while heated oil is distributed to customers. Kerosene is bought directly by customers, airlines, airports; industrial plants and shipping companies. Marketing margins are more stable compared to refining margins thus increasing the profitability margin of petrol stations. WPL does not involve gas production but also in marketing of products. Gas must be processed and transported in suitable pipelines. NGLs are bought by industrial, retailers and wholesalers through petrol stations. The GTL processes are used to convert natural gas to more quality odorless, colorless and biodegradable products. Technology has been used in some plants. Trade in LNG is expected to grow because of declining of production in indigenous products. Porters five forces model According to (Collier, 2007, p. 48) , Porter's five forces refers to factors that determine the company competition e.g. industry rivalry, suppliers, customers, new entrants and alternative products. Even though the strength of forces differs between industries, when they are put together they help determine profitability. It affects the investment, prices, market share, profit margins and volume of the industry. These forces include: Rivalries develop in the market naturally and they compete for the same customers. They use product promotion tools such as introduction of new products, innovation, advertising, attractive customer service price completion and warranties to enhance their being in the market and win big market share. According to the model the speed at which rivalry is in the market it results in slow growth of the company, equal companies, high fixed cost, overcapacity, price cutting, the risk of exit, barriers to entry in the market and lack of differentiation. Substitute products affect industry competition by placing a limit on the level of profitability within the company. Substitutes involve a search for other products that serve similar functions same as the one the company produces. Porter uses this model to show how companies should take importance in the availability of these products. Suppliers are important in the market and they affect the purchasing power in terms of price and product quality. According to (Collier, 2007, p. 63)Suppliers exert more pressure on the company to improve the quality, price and substitute products in the market. The products of suppliers are important in the market. They differ in costs, integration, labor and methods of supply. They can be altered if proper strategies are used. Buyers buying patterns are significant. They can make prices to go up or down by demanding more or less depending on the need and availability of products. The quality of products influences the demand for a product in that people will buy more if the products meet their needs. The purchasing power differs each time. Integrating these changes may be hard making it hard to determine the market structures. A threat to the company of new entrants depends on entry barriers. Porter identified six barriers Reduction in the cost of a unit of product or economies of scale. This leads to new entrants on a larger scale that leads to a reaction from the existing companies. Or accept a low cost on a small scale. Product differentiation of the company including brand identification to ensure customers loyalty. The frequency of switching costs to absorb the cost of the buyer and supplier. Accessibility to channels of distribution. New entrants need to have their distribution channels for their products. Independent of scale which leads to cost disadvantages. Existing company has an advantage over product technology, favorable sites, government subsidies, accessibility to raw materials and experience. New entrants are disadvantaged in the form of government regulation and licensing. They face opposition from existing firms and face changing technologies and market stability. Other changes may be strategic planning strategies, manpower, and level of expertise. The problem of interfering with new price and existing price show challenges that new entrants face. This model concentrates on competitive environment that affects the profitability of the industry. Using this model will ensure WPL is profitable. It has to establish these processes so that it is competitive in the market. This will help them to respond to competitive forces in an appropriate way. For porter directors need to analyze competitive strategies in order to prepare for changes, new businesses and market problems to improve stability Critiques and risks of Porters model Despite the many benefits the model has to the organization, one should consider the following factors when applying it. The speed of change may be slow. It has static Market structures. It provides a snapshot of the business only. It is hard to define the industry of business. It ignores non-market forces. It assumes competition in the market. It is applicable for small markets. The market stability today is affected by changes in technology, new businesses, entry barriers and relationships to supply chain that causes market disruption. This affects the model of the organization to maintain the companys market position. The company has to update the model regularly in order to suit the market. This model provides a snapshot of a given market. It does not give information on taking preventive actions but it gives suggestions to the threats and challenges to the company though evaluating alternatives. The dynamics of companies makes it a challenge to define the industry market. WPL sells different types of products in the market. This makes it difficult for them to define their market. Porters model has a challenge in integrating complex markets. If the company narrows its market segments to match the model then other key factors may be ignored e.g. the relationship between buyers and sellers and legislation. WPS should be aware, understand the effects and respond to ethics, social responsibility, and state legislation. They have to consider their ethics and internal culture when making strategies. Porters value chain model is not able to incorporate the effects of sharing skills, strategy, and resources as methods of responding to opportunities. Benefits of porters value chain model Despite all the above challenges, from (CSFB, 2002, p. 256)porters model helps management of WPL to assess, analyze changes and dynamics of the market and evaluate their current market structure. It provides a good framework for future research and collecting information needed for formulating the companys future strategy. Determine the profitability of the company and competition strategy by looking at the strengths and threats of the company. This will help them make informed decisions on whether to increase capacity in other sectors or develop strategies. It helps the company to determine and understand the importance of services and products in ascertaining potential profits. It will help the company to identify the strengths as well as threats to improve their company and avoid such mistakes. Conclusion WPL value chain involves exploration of fields, production of gas and oil, storage and transportation and marketing and refining of oil. If all these activities are integrated well they transform into a required product for consumption. In the value chain model, activities and processes are inter-linked between individual companies, within and across the other regions of the world. Integration in the process of the value chain can be vertical or horizontal they are used to help generate increasing value. This ensures wide economies of scale in relation to exploration and production activities this helped the company to access funds properly to continue investing, act as a solution to the consumers and developing risks. As a strategy to WPL the natural resources helps to improve production and exploration activities and issues in relation to strategies of depletion. Value chain helped the company to invest beyond their regions. Vertical integration guide and encourage diversification in the value chain process. This involves diversifying risks to the country to acquire a large value-adding process in order to respond to changes in international and domestic demand. Porters value chain helps a company determine its profitability and competition strategy through analysis of strengths and threats. It also helps in making informed decisions on whether to increase capacity in other sectors or develop strategies. Along the value chain, WPL will be able to determine and understand the importance of services and products in ascertaining potential profits. The market stability is affected frequent changes in technology, new businesses, entry barriers and relationships to supply chain. These changes cause market disruption, affects the model of the organization. WPL need to maintain the companys market position by updating the model regularly in order to suit the market. Solution to value creation is difficult to recommend instead an experience the company gets around the world provides information for successful arrangements and operation strategies. When these strategies are properly analyzed they form a basis for future decisions in solving issues in the country. This model provides a snapshot of a given market. It does not give information on taking preventive actions but it gives suggestions to the threats and challenges to the company though evaluating alternatives. The dynamics of companies makes it a challenge to define the industry market. References List Adelman, M. A. (2004). "The real oil problem." Regulation (1 ed.). NY: McGraw Hill. Bacon, R., Tordo, S. (2005). "Crude Oil Price Differentials and Differences in Oil Qualities. A Statistical Analysis" ESMAP Technical Paper. NY: ESMAP. Boardman, A. E., Greenberg, D. H., Vining, A. (2006). Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice. NJ: Prentice Hall.: Upper Saddle River. (2008). Statistical Review of World Energy 2008. London: BP Plc. Collier, P. (2007). Laws and Codes for the 'Resource Curse', . The university of Oxford. CSFB. (2002). Oil and Gas Primer. New York: Credit Suisse First Boston Equity Research. Johnston, D. (1994). International petroleum fiscal systems and production sharing contracts. Tulsa: PennWell Books. Westwood, D. (2008). The World Offshore Oil Gas Production Spend Forecast. NJ.

Faith Or Destiny - Young Goodman Brown Essays - Young Goodman Brown

Faith Or Destiny - Young Goodman Brown Faith or Destiny Nathaniel Hawthorne made his mark as a major American writer in 1850, with the publication of The Scarlet Letter. His work appeals to different levels of readers because he creates complex and elaborate settings. Through conflicts within his characters, he analyzes the moral and psychological issues often consumed by their own passions. As he was growing up he could not escape the influence of Puritan religion. This influence along with the setting of his hometown in Salem, Massachusetts are common topics in his work in Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne considers the question of good and evil, suggesting that true evil is judging and condemning others for sin without looking at one's own sinfulness. He examines the idea that sin is part of being human and there is no escape from it. Of the many symbols he uses in this story, each has a profound meaning. They represent good and evil in the constant struggle of a young innocent man whose faith is being tested. A s the story begins, Young Goodman Brown bids farewell to his young wife Faith, as [she] was aptly named (211). When she thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap we associate the purity of Faith and the pink ribbons as a sign of the innocence and goodness of the town he is leaving behind (211). As he continues on his present evil purpose he sets off at sunset to enter the forest (212). A place darkened by all the gloomiest trees, unknown territory, and a place where there may be a devilish Indian behind every tree, with this we know the forest represents evil and sinfulness (212). His decision to enter the forest and leave his Faith behind is the first decision, of many, between good and evil that he must make. After entering the forest he meets a traveler whom he later finds out is the devil. He is carrying a staff representing evil, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent (213). When the traveler offers his staff to Young Goodman Brown he resists by replying, having kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose to return whence I came. I have scruples, touching the matter thou wot'st of (213). Still feeling strong in resisting temptation, Young Goodman Brown refuses to be the first of the name of Brown, that ever took this path, and kept- (213). At this time he feels he can resist any temptation by keeping his faith. He refuses to believe the devil when he reveals to him that he has been well acquainted with [his] family[they] were good friends (213). In disbelief Young Goodman Brown is devastated, but knows that he still has his Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and I'd rather break my own!' (214). Trying desperately he holds on to his Christian belief, that he is going to Heaven, even when he recognizes the old woman who passes and says That old woman taught me catechism! (2 15). Soon after he also hears Deacon Gookin and the minister discussing the evenings event. Knowing that these people, in his mind were the forefront of goodness on Earth, he is shattered as, Young Goodman Brown caught hold of a tree, for support, being ready to sink down on the ground, faint and overburdened with the heavy sickness of his heart (216). He again tries to resist temptation and cries out, With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil! (216). But when he hears many voices and among them is Faith, in desperation he yells out to her. As he awaits a response, a pink ribbon that fluttered lightly down through the air as he catches it he cries, My Faith is gone!There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! for to thee is this world given (217). When he reaches his final destination he has lost all faith in mankind and everything he

Lie Detectors Tell Lies The Unreliability of Polygraphs Used in Criminal Trials and Investigations essays

Lie Detectors Tell Lies The Unreliability of Polygraphs Used in Criminal Trials and Investigations essays Lie Detectors Tell Lies : The Unreliability of Polygraphs Used in Criminal Trials and Polygraphs, commonly known as lie detector tests, are in question to whether or not they are realiable enough to use in court cases. The common test used in criminal investigations is the Control Question Test (CQT) . The CQT works by comparing physiological disturbances that occur when questions are asked which are relative to the crime in question. Vague control questions are asked to allow an innocent person to show more physiological disturbances to the vague questions than to the questions which are directly relevant to the crime at hand. If the person in question shows more disturbances when asked the relevant questions, it is a good indication of deception (Honts 309). Even though courts and criminal investigators do permit other unreliable evidence such as eyewitness testimonies, the polygraph is not reliable enough to be allowed as evidence in the delicate process and evidence in criminal investigations. Polygraphs can too easily be defeated by simple countermeasures to be accepted as reliable and allowed in criminal investigations. Charles Honts , David Raskin, and John Kircher from the Department of Psychology at the University of Utah state the following in their article Mental and Physical Countermeasures Reduce the Accuracy of Polygraph Tests: Research has shown that training in simple physical maneuvers, such as biting the tongue or pressing the toes to the floor, can be effective in defeating polygraph tests by enhancing physiological reactions to control questions. Honts, Hodes, and Raskin reported that 60% of their decisions were incorrect when subjects had been trained to unobtrusively bite their tongues and press their toes to the floor when control questions were presented during the test. Using similar training and stronger incentives to pass the test,...

Deafness Critique Scholarly Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deafness Critique Scholarly Articles - Essay Example In total 19 children participated in the study from which 10 were females and 9 males, aged 12-14 years. Children included in the study had binaural, sensori-neural severe to profound hearing loss. Children with hearing loss often have difficulties acquiring spoken language, vocabulary problems and reading comprehension deficits. Their voice and speech features disturb their speech intelligibility, which in turn disrupts their functioning in various areas such as communication skills, academic success and social behaviour. Spoken language deficits represent an enormous impediment for the construction of social relationships; likewise academic success may be affected because of reduced participation in the classroom. Children with hearing loss have difficulties to communicate with their teacher and hearing peers; in fact, students who are more skilful in their spoken language integrate better than their less skilled counterparts. The article examines socio-emotional characteristics of inclusion showing its relevance when educators are request to approach their students with disabilities in an efficient manner. A suitable educational program which fulfils the requirements of children with disabilities may help them to achieve optimal academic and social benefits. The investigator studied the relationship between speech intangibility in the context of group inclusion and individual inclusion. Group inclusion refers to special classes within regular schools; and individual inclusion refers to individuals integrated into regular classes with only hearing peers. Results of the study concerning emotional and social feelings of children with hearing loss, revealed no significant difference for either, sense of loneliness or sense of coherence between children in the two educational settings. These results are in line with the outcomes from other studies which reported similar findings indicating that increased loneliness experience and academic failure or educational s etting are not related. Indeed, the report of such socio-emotional feelings is intrinsic to the disability itself and to the experience of living with disabilities. Comparable to other children at risk for learning disabilities, children with hearing loss feel different from the rest of the group having deepest sense of loneliness and lower coherence. On the other hand the study showed a significant difference in relation to the score of speech intelligibility and the environment that surrounds the child. In group inclusion setting children had lower speech intelligibility score than did children in individual inclusion setting. On this respect the possibility to rely solely on spoken language makes the difference; children in group inclusion probably use simultaneously communication skills which are different from speech. Moreover, children attending individual inclusion at school rated by their peers as having better speech intelligibility reported less loneliness and more coheren ce. Bearing in mind that good speech intelligibility is used as criteria to include a child in one setting or another, cause-effect interaction should also be deliberated when considering these results. Inclusion involves modifications in the regular classroom to accommodate all different learners, offering special services to meet the needs of all children within the regular classroom. In an inclusive setting the educator has the primary responsibility for teaching

Communication Behaviors and Organizational Culture Research Paper

Communication Behaviors and Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example The two factors can apply individually or intertwine in an organization. In this context, organizational performance may refer to levels of customer satisfaction, quality, and quantity in production, sustainability, motivation, and compliance to set standards. Moreover, communication in the workplace is very fundamental since it defines how different stakeholders relate to an organization. On the other hand, organizational culture derives a lot of significance in an organization in that it defines the uniqueness of operations in the workplace. Notably, there can be an interface between communication behaviors and organizational culture since the design and implementation of organizational culture is the mandate of the same management. At the same time, the interface of communication behaviors among the managers and organizational culture can have subtle effects on the organization and its performance. This leads us to the research question, which seeks to establish how communication behaviors, organization culture, and their interface affect organizational performance. ... Organizational communication measures the levels of transmitting information about the organization from the organization to the stakeholders. It has the direct and indirect influence on organizational performance (Garnett et al, 2008). Notably, communication applies to all stakeholders in an organization. Indeed, there are two types of communication in an organization, which includes internal organizational communication and external organizational communication (Rho, 2009). Specifically, internal organizational communication may be horizontal, downward, or upward depending on the source and recipient of information. Downward communication is the most dominant and it involves the flow of information from the management to the subordinates. The information in this communication relates to job instruction, orders, job description, organizational goals, and company policies (Rho, 2009). Effective downward communication ensures that employees understand and adhere to the objectives, mis sion, and overall strategy of an organization thus improving its performance. Indeed, employees will seek to perform to the organization directives thus ensuring productivity that will reflect the organization’s aims, which will guarantee customer satisfaction and increased returns. On the other hand, upward communication refers to the flow of information from the subordinates to the management. Such information relates to work progress, challenges, opportunities, recommendations, aspects of other competitors, and feelings about the organization and the management (Rho, 2009).  Ã‚  

Strategic Retail Management in Competitive Environment Essay

Strategic Retail Management in Competitive Environment - Essay Example Perception of many people from brand name has moved towards product quality cost and service delivered (Experian, 2011). This has motivated several new retailers to enter into the already competitive market. This has raised survival issues for many new and old retailers, and demands for new strategies and activities to sustain their position in the market (Experian, 2011). The culture of buying has shifted largely towards online viewing and ordering. People visiting the store are easy to urge towards company’s product, and they are the ones who gives the company greater revenue than the online buyers (Experian, 2011). However, this ratio has also taken a 180 degree change in many of the top retail stores, including the ones discuss in this paper, where online buyers makes around 80% of the total income of the company (Experian, 2011). 1. Competitive Environment of UK Retail Industry The retail sector of UK is the only largest private recruiter because it employs around three m illion people. This sector covers a prominent percentage of employment in UK because more than half of the UK population work part time in retail stores. The retail industry of UK is immensely supportive for the economy of the region as it generates abundance of revenue to sustain the economical position of UK. Therefore, the in order to evaluate the environment of this sector Porter’s five forces analysis and PEST analysis of the industry are being done (Obitz, 2009). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of UK Luxury Retail Sector The analysis of the retail industry of UK is significant for accomplishing the purpose of the paper. Therefore, when it comes to analyze the competitive environment of any industry, Porter’s Five Forces Model appears covering all the areas required for evaluating a competitive environment. i. Threats of Substitute The threat for substitute products in the luxury retail market of UK is quite low as non-food items sold by luxury retailers do n ot have major substitutes. This is due to the fact that buyers purchase luxury items as a result of their perceived luxury associated with their purchases and therefore they do not substitute these products. The threat of substitute is not apparent and the actual threat is only limited to the pricing offered by different retailers for similar products (Nwankwo & Gbadamosi, 2011). ii. Threats of New Entrants In the luxury retail side of the market, there are lower threats of the new entrants in the industry. This is due to the high level of barriers for developing brand and then high level of investment is required for developing brand recognition and its positioning in the luxury brand market. It is difficult for new market entrants to offer product differentiation in the cloth retailing and also change buyers’ attitude which keeps them loyal to already existing luxury brands. Moreover, it has been noted in the luxury retail market that existing brands place barriers for the new entrants by increasing their marketing activities and also undertaking other initiatives that could

Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing Essay

Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing Essay Individuals get together to form a group in order to accomplish a specific goal or task. The task was to work as a group and present a health topic by participating in a health fair. The process of preparing for the health fair included developing a needs assessment tool, creating a teaching plan, making a display board, and creating an evaluation tool. In order to analyze group process, it is necessary to look at the developmental stages of the group and the concepts involved in group decision making, conflict, and cohesion. The knowledge of group concepts can help me adjust to various roles in the health care team and how to be prepared for future challenges as a Registered Nurse. Discussion Decision Making Tuckmans model is a theory used to evaluate how a group is developing. Dimock and Kass (2007), describe the five stages of group growth called forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Forming of the group takes place in the beginning stage, and tasks are distributed amongst the group. Group members are involved in making a number of group decisions that include how to organize and distribute the work, when to meet, and how to approach the goal. Group decision making can be described as the process of moving from a diverse set of individual positions or preferences to agreement on consensus choice for the group (Kerr Tindale, 2004). For example, the decision on which health fair topic to teach to the public was made on consensus. There were a number of similar topics on how to promote health to the community. Two groups had nutrition and it was decided that both groups could have the same topic but have different focuses. Our group had importance of breakfast while the other group focused on fast food. Also, groups were placed at different ends of the school so information could reach a wide variety of people. Group members possess prior knowledge and expertise, which can be distributed within the group effecting group performance (Rulke Galaskiewicz, 2000). Student D had background knowledge in computers and was given the task of calculating the results of the questionnaire. Student C had excellent communication skills and was able to hand out the questionnaires to several people. When designing the learning needs assessment tool and the overall look of the display board, it was decided that student A would be assigned this task because of previous skills in arts. Other decisions based on consensus included, when to meet up as a group because it was important that each group member was there to contribute to the work. It was difficult to get together because of other priorities, family, work, and school. When making the learning needs assessment tool, it was decided that each member would bring a few questions each, to makeup the questionnaire. Also, decisions of what to bring to the health fair and how to present the information took group effort and decision making. When a consensus is not made as a group, conflict can occur causing problems of reaching the goal. Conflict Conflict is a normal stage of group development and can be seen in the storming stage of Tuckmans model. According to Jehn Mannix (2001), conflict occurs when group members have incompatible views and differences. Conflict can be characterized in three group called relationship, task and process conflict. Relationship conflict is when group members are not getting along causing tension and friction. For example, student E did not finish her journal on the date the group decided on. Also, student E was late coming to meetings and made decisions on their own without consensus of the group. This caused tension amongst the other group members and feeling of frustration towards student E. Task conflict is a difference of ideas and opinions regarding group task (Jehn Mannix, 2001). For example, when making the display board, students worked in pairs or individually and not as a group. Student C was unclear of what pictures should be used for the board and student A started placing pictures onto the board without group collaboration. There was a difference of ideas of what the board should display and how it should be displayed. Jehn Mannix (2001), define process conflict as an awareness of controversies about aspects of how task accomplishment will proceed. Process conflict pertains to issues of duty and resource delegation, such as who should do what and how much responsibility different people should get. This can be observed when making the learning needs assessment tool. The group made it clear of what task each student was assigned to do. During this assignment, each student had to bring in three questions to make the questionnaire. Student A did the typing, B and C were to collect the information and put it together, while student D and E had to do the reference. Student E decided to do the assignment on her own which created conflict. There was no communication or decision making process as to how to create the questionnaire. The group could have handled this conflict differently by understanding group member roles and how they impact each other. Cohesion The group can be seen at the performing stage where interpersonal conflict has been resolved and a feeling of belonging to the group has been formed. In the performing stage, the group has a high degree of autonomy and work towards accomplishment of goals (Dimock Kass, 2007). For the health fair presentation, the group coordinated well in bringing the ideas of all group members. Student A gathered all the information to be displayed on the board. Student B and E chose the breakfast food items that were to be handed out. Student D was knowledgeable in how breakfast can affect student performance. Also, student C was able to get the message across to the public about the benefits of eating breakfast. Towards the end, group members understood each other better and became comfortable about being part of the group. Learning These concepts are important as a Registered Nurse because leadership is an important quality. Leaders are skilled in thinking reflectively, communicating, making decisions, solving problems, and working with others (Sullivan Decker, 2005). This assignment has helped to practice and improve on my role as a leader and increase my confidence in this role. I hope to develop strong leadership abilities to meet the challenges in the role change to Registered Nurse. Working collaboratively, resolving conflict, communicating in an assertive manner are skills that students can learn to practice in groups. These skills are also valuable to new nursing graduates (Rideout, 2001). As Registered Nurses have opportunities for several leadership positions the need to increase knowledge of group process is important. According to Rideout (2001), applying principles of group dynamics to interactions with families and community groups during care is a part of everyday work of nurses. An example of a leadership role is a nurse as an educator. Nurses provide health teaching to clients and share expertise to team members. The ability to function as an effective team member requires the ability to take on different roles (Dimock Kass, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, the health fair assignment has helped me to learn how to approach decision making, deal with conflict, and become a member of a team. It was a great learning experience to get out into the community to do health teaching. Being able to bring people together outside of the classroom and have fun teaching others about the importance of healthy eating. Using self-evaluation and being aware of these concepts can improve my leadership skills as a Registered Nurse in the health care team.

Masculinity in Men Should Weep by Ena Lamont Stewart and Perfect Days b

Masculinity in "Men Should Weep" by Ena Lamont Stewart and "Perfect Days" by Liz Lochead Both plays portray men under a negative light. In ‘Men Should Weep’ men are the dominant sex and are seen socially of far greater importance. Whereas in ‘Perfect days’ men are easily manipulated and tend to be controlled by the contents of their trousers. ‘Men Should Weep’ is a play which examines how the family unit crumbles under the pressure of poverty. ‘John’ the father of the family is the main male figure throughout the play. His wife Maggie does everything for him and their family. However although there is always a lot to be done John manages not to do anything to help as he would never want to damage his alter ego. Not only doesn’t he help around the house but he is also unemployed. This says a lot about John’s character and implies that he is a selfish self-centred character. ‘I’d an idea a was heid o this hoose’ Although John gives the family no support in anyway he is still quite content in thinking that he is head of the household. Due to the way society was at this time it implied that women had to do as their husbands told them. Once women married they were their husband’s property. Men in that day and age overruled women they were more powerful and a lot of women feared them for various reasons. Domestic abuse was a main reason for this fear. Although a lot of women were domestically abused it wasn’t something they talked about. Mrs Bone one of the neighbours which are used as a vehicle to examine how men have a hold over women in the play is a victim of domestic abuse. ‘I just canna understand a women who lets her man bash her aboot†¦..’ Standing up to men was unheard of you just wouldn’t... ...Brendan doesn’t know about. Grant is seen to give Barbs a lot of happiness but their relationship ends with Grant asking. ‘Why are you so ashamed of me?’ This portrays Grant as a very naà ¯ve character as Barbs was only using him for a bit of fun the relationship as never serious, yet he looked upon it to be. In conclusion the portrayal of men and masculinity in two Scottish plays that I have studied are that they completely dominate the society. They are selfish self-absorbed characters. In â€Å"Men Should Weep† this is portrayed through John a very self-absorbed character. I think the writer’s purpose was to show how bad the conditions were that people use to live in and some people still do. In â€Å"Perfect Days† the men are portrayed to be very stupid and weak characters. I feel that the writer’s purpose was to show that women can cope without men.

Personal Development Plan to evaluate strategic skills

In this instance survey I like to put to death a personal audit from my ain activity and how it is acquiring related to my personal and professional life relevantly. Furthermore to analyse my ain accomplishments, I have designed a questionnaire to happen the strength, failing, chances and menaces. There are different methods of larning manners in which I have opted honey and mumford, which contains militant, reflector, theoretician and pragmatist. Theorist manner is the one which is best for me and to develop my ain accomplishments for better calling. In the patterned advance program I have tabulated a personal development chart and how the professional accomplishments are helpful for leading demands. To develop our leading skills we are need to be self motivated and effectual communicating accomplishment is required.2.1 Personal audit to measure the strategic accomplishmentsPersonal auditA is an of import measure when you are developing a calling alteration. If we are acute about bettering callings, so we need to build a elaborate perceptive of our strengths and endowments. If we are seeable on this, so it is easy can measure calling dreams with your accomplishments and strength physically. When we improve the personal accomplishments, at the same time our professional accomplishments are acquiring developed when we work in an organisation. And more over that leads us to better our cognition and to accomplish a strategic end.2.1.1 Personal SWOT analysisSWOT analysis has been loosely used as a analytical and project-planning tool. And this analysis helps us to concentrate on cardinal issues of importance to the undertaking in manus. Furthermore the SWOT procedure can besides be used in a personal position. When used in this way it can demo us how to take full advantage of students ‘ endowment and abilities. It can assist to expose new larning chances and eliminate perceived menaces in the acquisition environment.StrengthsSelf assurance and ego motive are my lone strength and due to this strength I have crossed several critical phases. By lifting my accomplishments I performed really good in my organisation and that leads me in a good appellation. Furthermore I can talk about my watchfulness and caution as my strength.FailingMy immense failing is being unagitated. Because of this people around me takes more advantage and that puts me in defeated phase. And I am truly unable to do determinations rapidly. Due to this I am missing from my normal plants.OpportunitiesDreams, ends and wants are been considered as chances. And there is a stating as â€Å" chance knocks the door merely one time † . Likewise I got an chance in my organisation an twelvemonth ago..i utilized the chance and at present I am working as a supervisor in my organisation. i found tonss of troubles, but I enjoyed confronting those critical state of affairss. I took it in a positive manner as a good lesson. And now I can pull off any critical circumstance, which is made by client or by my squad people I can counter it really easy. In this instance I can state larning from experience manner as my leading manner.MenacesI found tonss of menaces in my life, In which I can stat e few illustrations as when I arrive united land I find so difficult to last and felt bad in some state of affairss. Basically to happen any topographic points and to make my school in clip while larning. hence chances and threatsA can be used to foreground the deductions of this for instruction and learning.A Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/swot-analysis-personal-note-4892.2 Preferred Learning StyleHoney and MumfordMy learning outcome manner is Honey and Mumford, Honey and Mumford ( Peter and Alan ) are best known for theirA cognition manner questionnaire. This self-administered questionnaire determines yourA preferred learning manner. As a consequence of meaningful learning manner, we can alsoA avert reiterating mistakesA by enterprising activities that strengthen new manners.Beginnings: By Lyndsay Swinton Owner, Management for the Rest of Us.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mftrou.com/honey-mumford.html Each of us learns in unusual ways. a few of us wish to analyze in deepness before we attempt a undertaking ; others reasonably to â€Å" acquire trapped into the occupation † and larn as we go aboard. Some of us are fulfilled when the methods we use to acquire the occupation done, others are excess bothered withA whyA a peculiar attack proved successful. nevertheless others spend clip thought from get downing to stop how the undertaking could be tackled more successfully following clip. Research by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford suggests that we may usefully see 4 basic â€Å" learning manners † They are:MilitantReflectorTheoristPragmatist.TheoristTheorists learn from most first-class activities where they observe and assume before talking. They work with unstructured rules and their uncertainness is truly high. Theorists think jobs through step- by-step. They tend to be perfectionists who like to suit things into a rational strategy. Theorist put them in complex state of affairs where they are truly necessitate to utilize their accomplishments and cognition. Theorists are offered interesting thoughts or constructs even though they are non instantly relevant. Theorists are academically stretched, e.g. by analyzing Logical, Rational, Objective, Perfectionist, and Restricted sidelong thought and evaluating, so generalize it. They do n't wish vacillation They do n't wish prejudice Keen on cardinal premises, rules, theories, theoretical accounts and systems base thought. Beginning: www.gp-training.net/ †¦ learning/learning_styles/hmlearningstyles.ppt Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pd-how2.org/2_1.htm3.1 Developing a Personal Development PlanYour demands How can you run into those demands? How it is of import for me? How will you cognize when you have met those demands? What are the challenges in my occupation current that I need to run into? I need to accomplish something and travel for higher appellation when I meet those accomplishments I can put my calling in a good concern in hereafter. Where I can acquire full secured life. When I develop my accomplishments, I can recognize myself by to the full motivated and I do acquire good ability to manage any critical fortunes. Where do I desire to be in 2 old ages? I wish to be in a really monolithic concern, in which I like to take a good squad. Obviously I will acquire benefit and half of the calling end will be achieved. When I am keeping a large squad in a monolithic concern, so certain I will be known my success. Where do I desire to be in 5 or 10 old ages? To be honest, in following 5 old ages I want to be as a HR director, and to be as a good household adult male. When I get settled in calling sure its aid for my household and my future dreams. If I get a good occupation. How does that tantrum in with what the pattern wants? If we get more experience so certain we can make the life clip end. Deriving more cognition and we can learn our friends and household people every bit good. I feel if I improve my communicating accomplishment and assurance. Then iam sure that I can run into the complications in life.. What adjustments will I need to do for me to accomplish what I want? Need to co operate with people and carry through our plants. We learn more in life. It helps me in my hereafter. When I present a presentation without any vacillation. Then its half achieved. What accommodations will other people need to do for me to accomplish what I want? Peoples need to understand others concerns and should seek to actuate instead than knocking. There wont be any letdowns. When we start accomplishing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours demands. Then I will come to cognize my success. What else should I see? I need to see with good experient individuals. Because patterns plays a major function in all plants I can cognize myself whether iam traveling in right way. When learning my work to others..3.2 The Outcomes Of Personal Development PlanIn this instance I feel that I am truly theorist when I analyzed myself rationally From this development program I evaluated myself that if I need something to accomplish, we are suppose to be self motivated and energetic. This plays a major function where the people who works with me get trained by seeing myself. From this I came to cognize that the leading accomplishments are more of import for each of us to accomplish their aspire. When we work with a skilled worker V learn so many things. For case. In my organisation there are so many people who r truly dedicated and ability to confront such critical places. When we get some duties in our organisation we need to manage it skilfully furthermore when we work with good preparation directors, we will cognize what clip direction is and how we need to segregate and schedulize the work professionally. Furthermore this professionalism helps us to put a good calling where of all time we go for occupation. if we get placed in a large concern like Mercedes benz. The leading is so immense and the working accomplishment is extremely qualified. Taking duty to educate yourself about emphasis provides you with a strong foundation for perpetrating yourself to pull offing emphasis more efficaciously.The Impact Of Own Learning Against The Achievement Of Strategic Goals..

The Role of the ICJ Essay Example

The Role of the ICJ Essay Example The Role of the ICJ Essay The Role of the ICJ Essay The International Court of Justice (also known as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by member states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies and the UN General Assembly. The ICJ acquires its authority thorough the Article 92, which is part of the UN Charter. This states in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. Article 92 UN Charter) This enables the ICJ to function at a level of acceptance and allows equality and justice to flow freely. Although the central court is in Hague (Holland), councils can be held elsewhere, whenever it is deemed acceptable. The ICJ holds the ability to pass judgment on disputes between states and attempt to ratify them. It is open to all states that are in accord with the statute and all those who are in agreement of the conditions that are laid down. Due to the ICJ having nominal enforcement powers, Article 94 of the Charter states that each party of the UN must comply with the decision of the ourt in any case to which it is a party. There are also further provision which include: If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgement rendered by the court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deem necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment. (Article 94 UN Charter). The court is then authorized by other documents Article 65 of the Statute which addresses any legal queries that may be made in accordance with the UN Charter in regards to making a legal request. Another document Article 96 of the Charter provides that opinions may be requested by the General or other members of the UN such as specialized agencies. Because of the ICJs limited powers it holds more of an advisory role. This then causes a stringent need to follow the charter and keep actions short in order to resolve a larger amount of cases before they failure to do so. This would then result in shortcomings and thus create turmoil in regards to its effectiveness in maintaining its goal of World peace. The ICJ was founded in 1946 and since then they have dealt with 41 controversial cases between various states delivering 21 advisory opinions. It has many failures and successes, with an astonishingly high degree of compliance in regards to the verdict that the ICJ makes. There are only two known cases where the states did not comply with the ICJs judgment. These cases were the Corfu Channel Case and the US-Nicaragua. One possible reason for this was the fact that the ICJs compliance is on voluntary basis and therefore States can not seek the ICJs verdict without first accepting the courts verdict beforehand. One example of a successful case was the intervention of the ICJ on the fishing rights in the Fisheries case (1951). The ICJ settled a verdict in favor of Norway as the dispute between them and the United States as there were British fishing vessels within Norwegian waters. Another successful ICJ case was the North Sea Continental Shelf cases (1969). This case involved Denmark, Netherlands and West Germany. This was a successful settlement and was crucial as it open up the facility of oil and gas in the North Sea. More recently the ICJ resolved a boarder clash between Burkina Faso and Mali. (1986). This Frontier Dispute case was ruled in Belgiums favor as the two separate pieces of land that were disturbed by Belgium and Holland where in fact part of Belgium. On the other hand the ICJ is renowned for its failures as well as its successes. These include the inability to resolve inner-state disputes and to date more than 40 unresolved cases have been submitted to the ICJ. Some of the cases have involved parties fulfilling illegal duties and have not accepted the jurisdiction of the court. An example of this is in Israel, Us and the UK (1955) as they all bought down and Israeli civilian aircraft over their territory. Bulgaria rejected ICJ jurisdiction and therefore the ICJ had to let the case go as too much time was already wasted. Another example of the ineffectiveness of the ICJ was in 1960 where Ethiopia and Liberia brought forward a case claiming that South Africa was violating the human rights of the natives that resided in Namibia. After a long period of time and through a tedious process the ICJ finally gave their verdict. They were in favor of the case and ruled it as illegal and thus claimed procedural point. Another limit in effectiveness was the case of the Ruling on the Israeli Security Barrier (Wall) (July 9, 2004). This barrier caused a separation between the West Bank (Judea and Samaria) and the areas inside Israel. The ICJ failed to take down the wall as they felt that it was not violating the principals of international law and as a result the Israeli High Court stated against the ICJ and ruled that specific portions of the barrier had to be moved in order to spare Palestinian Arab residents inordinate suffering. (Israeli High Court). All the above ineffectiveness reflects the initiations of the ICJ in regards to the settlement of various disputes. The actual limited effectiveness cannot be placed upon the court itself as the ICJs objective position has enabled to be as fair as possible. For example: No two ICJ judges may be of the same nationality, but due to human prejudices not all discriminative happenings can be eradicated. In addition another major issue is the fact that more powerful states and their issues with security and peace have rarely been addressed as they are rarely submitted. This is because most governments tend to consider the recognition of the jurisdiction of the court as infringing on their sovereignty. Furthermore the ICJ has often been criticized by the extensive time consumption with nominal results as it may take several years for a case to be heard and acted upon or even reach a final judgment. Hence it is very time consuming to go through the ICJ and often considered a waste of resources and lack of efficiency. Although it cannot be wholly blamed as varied parties involved in the claims often request more time for preparation of their cases. Since it is usually voluntary it really cannot be expected to resolve all cases and definitely not be held accountable for legal actions that follow after it has been settled. Despite the fact that the ICJ has had many failures and successes it still remains a positive diplomat for international law and also a dissemination of the principals of sovereignty, non-conquest, human rights and the rights of existence, self-defense in regards to the state. In addition the ICJ has helped determine certain disputes and difficulties experienced by various states. Most importantly the ICJ provides an alternative for states to reconcile disputes through the use of third party intervention and thus results in more equality as strive for world peace.